OCD and Related Disorders

OCD

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by persistent obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions can include intrusive or unwanted thoughts, urges, or impulses. Compulsions are defined by repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) done in response to an obsession or rigid rules. The obsessions and compulsions cause significant distress and impede daily functioning.

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Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is the gold standard treatment for OCD. It is an evidence-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) that involves intentional and gradual exposure to OCD triggers without engaging in the associated compulsive behaviors. Essentially, OCD is maintained through avoidance; the goal of ERP is to have the individual face fears and break the cycle of obsession and compulsion, challenging distorted beliefs and empowering individuals to manage and overcome their OCD. The process is gradual, systematic, and fosters resilience, ultimately leading to a significant reduction in anxiety and compulsive behaviors. Additional treatments for OCD include medication (ie. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SSRIS) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT).

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is characterized by a distressing preoccupation with a perceived flaw in physical appearance that is slightly or completely not observable to others. As with OCD, the individual often engages in repetitive behaviors (e.g., mirror checking, excessive grooming, reassurance seeking) or mental acts (e.g., comparing his or her appearance with that of others) in response to the concerns with appearance. Treatment focuses on challenging unhelpful preoccupations, decreasing compulsive behaviors, and improving overall wellbeing and functioning.

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Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRB)

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Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRB), such as trichotillomania (hair-pulling) and excoriation (skin-picking), are a group of mental health disorders categorized by repetitive self-grooming behaviors that cause physical damage and personal distress. The behaviors are considered compulsive and ritualistic and exceed occasional self-grooming acts. Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (ComB) is an evidence-based approach for the treatment of BFRBs. Through increased awareness of the unwanted behavior, followed by interruption of behavior patterns, change is created. Mindfulness and relaxation strategies are often incorporated in treatment as well.